The short answer is no. RC craft need a transmitter to convert stick movements into radio signals (throttle, roll, pitch, yaw, etc.) that are picked up by a Receiver in the craft and converted into electrical signals that drive servos, speed controllers, etc.
Your smartphone may have Wifi and cellular radios, but they don't use the same frequencies and protocols as RC hobby equipment.
The long answer is that some people have built autonomous craft that utilizes all the same hobby radios for takeoff and landing purposes but also have cellular receivers attached to an onboard flight controller that can receive signals from the operator's mobile phone. The cost of creating such a craft is relatively high.